History Of Black Economic Empowerment – Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a South African government policy that aims to facilitate greater participation in the economy by black people. A form of affirmative action, aimed above all at correcting the inequalities created by apartheid. The policy provides incentives, especially preferential treatment in public procurement processes, to businesses that contribute to black economic empowerment according to several measurable criteria, such as partial or majority black ownership, hiring black employees, and contracting with black suppliers. The preferential procurement aspect of BEE has been seen as paradigmatic of a sustainable approach to procurement, where public procurement is used to promote social policy objectives.
So-called “BEE deals” (deals which aim to increase black ownership of large companies) have been carried out on a large scale, with BEE deals concluded between 1994 and 2005 worth around R150 billion.
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The government has subscribed to an explicit policy of black economic empowerment since 1994, but BEE was relaunched as the more comprehensive and less property-focused Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) program around the passage of the BBBEE legislation in 2003. . .
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However, although the previous initiatives were governed by different laws and sets of agreements, the underlying principles and policies are very similar and BBBEE is still often called ‘BEE’ in common parlance.
In June 2021, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that South Africa’s BEE strategy and legislation would be reviewed, particularly to ensure that they were not exploited for corrupt purposes.
When the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994, the new government’s priorities included restoring the legacy of apartheid’s economic exclusion. Under apartheid, legislation and practice limited non-whites’ access to opportunities for employment, capital, property and business ownership, and other forms of economic advancement, leaving wide racial inequalities in wealth and income.
The new Constitution, approved in 1996, emphasized protection against unfair discrimination and disadvantages arising from it. This was complemented by a 1997 Gre document on public procurement reform, which called for positive action measures in public procurement processes.
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The central socio-economic policy framework of Nelson Mandela’s government was the Reconstruction and Development Program (PDR), which did not specifically refer to “black economic power”. However, the term was used in the ANC’s previous PSR policy framework, on which the government’s policy was based. The ANC document saw BEE initiatives as a means of “deracializing business ownership and control”.
The so-called BEE agreements were intended to diversify the demographics of the company’s shareholders. However, white companies only participated in these transactions on a voluntary basis. Moreover, in the absence of organized sources of capital, many of the black participants relied on highly targeted financial structures and special vehicles. Therefore, numerous BEE arrangements collapsed during the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s.
It is estimated that control of black companies amounted to about 10% of shares on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in 1998, but after the financial crisis it fell sharply to between 1% and 3.8% in 2000. . .
Meanwhile, the promotion of black empowerment in areas other than property ownership was gradually pursued, primarily through a series of laws, including the Skills Development Act of 1998 and the Employment Equity Act of 1998.
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Amid dissatisfaction with the progress of existing initiatives, in May 1998 the Black Business Council appointed future President Cyril Ramaphosa to chair a BEE commission. The Commission proposed a broad definition of Abella:
It is an integrated and coherent socio-economic process. It is located in the context of the country’s national transformation program, specifically the PDR. It seeks to correct the imbalances of the past by seeking to transfer and vest substantially and equitably the ownership, management and control of South Africa’s financial and economic resources to the majority of its citizens. It aims to ensure wider and more meaningful participation in the black economy to achieve sustainable development and prosperity.[9]
The Commission also proposed the adoption of specific AAE legislation and the adoption of an integrated national AAE strategy, which includes a set of simplified and coordinated guidelines and regulations applicable to the whole economy, to be implemented by a supervisory body reporting to the cabinet .
According to some views, the Commission has been influential in strengthening support for the government’s broader approach to the EBA.
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This is what sociologist Roger Southall has called the “maximalist” (now “broad-based”) approach to BEE, which envisions a more dramatic transformation of the South African economy, with redistributive goals that go beyond black ownership.
According to Southall, one of the main forces behind this change in strategy was the growing popular perception that BEE had until then worked to suit only a small black elite.
The context for the expansion of the BBBEE strategy was established by the Preferential Procurement Act of 2000, which established preferential treatment for historically disadvantaged groups in the distribution of public procurement contracts.
The regulations accompanying the law, promulgated in 2001, establish a points system in which preference is granted in the evaluation of public procurement: in addition to the competitiveness of the price of an offer, “points” are awarded for the contribution of the bidder. to black economic empowerment.
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Shortly after the passage of the Act, the first sector-specific BEE charters were published: the Petroleum and Liquid Fuels Charter in 2000 and the Mining Charter in 2002, both of which are normative under the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Energy Development Act.
The Mining Charter, in particular, adopted principles later codified under BBBEE, identifying seven BEE “pillars” (only one of which was ownership) and defining a BEE “dashboard” for companies.
At the ANC’s 51st National Conference in December 2002, President Thabo Mbeki charged the government with developing a “Transformation Charter” that included a consolidated and clear strategy on the EPA.
The BBBEE Act was passed in 2003, under the jurisdiction of the Department of Trade and Industry, and came into force in 2004. The stated objectives of the Act were to facilitate a broad process of empowering the black economy by:
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Promote economic transformation to enable meaningful participation of black people in the economy; achieve substantial change in the racial composition of the ownership and management structures and skilled occupations of existing and new businesses; increase the extent to which communities, workers, cooperatives and other collective enterprises own and manage existing and new enterprises and increase their access to economic activities, infrastructure and vocational training; increase the extent to which Black women own and manage existing and new land, and increase their access to economic activity, infrastructure and job training; promote investment programs that lead to broad and meaningful participation in the black economy to achieve sustainable development and overall prosperity; empowering rural and local communities by facilitating access to economic activities, land, infrastructure, property and skills; and promote access to financing for black economic empowerment.
During this period, under President Mbeki, the government’s approach to BEE became “increasingly focused and assertive”, and it unequivocally advocated maximalist or broad-based BEE, with a broader and deeper scope than simple black ownership of businesses.
BEE was thought to proceed along three main lines: in addition to ‘direct empowerment’ (which now includes both management and ownership control), BEE would also explicitly address human resource development (employment equity and skills development) and ‘indirect empowerment ” (acquisition). ). policies, business development and socio-economic development).
Codes of practice to complement the BBBEE Act were published in 2005 in two phases, establishing standardized criteria for measuring compliance with BBBEE indicators on a “dashboard”;
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At the core of BBBEE Act enforcement is the “dashboard” against which individual business compliance is measured. The codes of good practice establish specific criteria (known as ‘objectives’) for each of the seven elements or pillars of the BBBEE, which correspond to the seven categories of the scorecard. Each unit is measured against the scoreboard to determine its BBBEE score (out of 105), which in turn is used to determine its BBBEE level. The level is published in a BBBEE certificate issued at the institution and valid for one year.
BBBEE certificates are essential to guarantee certain incentives or contracts with the State or other private entities. The offers submitted by private entities for public procurement are generally evaluated on a 90/10 or 80/20 point system: the price competitiveness of the offer is evaluated with 90 or 80 points, and the remaining 10 or 20 are awarded to the bidder. BBBEE classification. Therefore, a BBBEE rating can determine the outcome of hotly contested bids. Some government agencies also set minimum BBBEE criteria that agencies must meet in order to submit a bid.
At the same time, in agreements between private entities, it is often attractive for entities to contract with entities that have a high BBBEE rating, as this could increase their BBBEE score (in the scoreboard’s preferred contracting category). Companies that have won government contracts (or mining licenses) are often required to meet certain BBBEE obligations in the selection of their private suppliers as a condition of these contracts.
Finally, in some sectors, the government’s granting of exploitation licenses and concessions (such as export concessions) is conditional on the license meeting certain BBBEE criteria, for example in terms of mineral and oil resource development.
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