Content Analysis Advantages And Disadvantages

Content Analysis Advantages And Disadvantages – Research/Research Methods Purposive and Inferential Sampling Techniques Experimental Design Reliability and Validity Qualitative and Quantitative Data Probability, and Level of Significance

4 Research Methods Research methods are ways psychologists test their ideas and interpretations. Psychology is a science and all science is based on the results of research. How one factor (such as giving lots of praise) affects another factor (how well students do on a psychology test.) The idea behind experiments is that researchers keep certain things. The same (control over them) by changing other things and then measuring the results.

Content Analysis Advantages And Disadvantages

5 Research Methods For example, does giving children vitamin pills improve their IQ? If women see pictures of magazine models, do they lower their self-esteem? Does taking Prozac make people less depressed? There are many ways to conduct experiments, each with their own strengths and weaknesses.

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6 Experiment The researcher uses the independent variable to measure the effect on the dependent variable. A true experiment has three main characteristics: The researcher manipulates the independent variable (IV) to test whether there is a change in another variable, called the dependent variable (DV), all other variables that can affect the outcome. Either be contained, established or removed. The redundant variables are called confounding variables Participants (Ps) are randomly assigned to experimental conditions.

Because they can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between IV and DV, they allow researchers to push the pace of research because they don’t have to wait for natural phenomena to express the right scenario. Experiments produce a quantity of data (quantitative measurement (DV)) that can be analyzed to tell the researcher how likely an event is to occur 7

It is possible to generalize findings to the rest of the population from which the participants are sampled, provided that a representative sample of participants is recruited for the original experiment.

Most experimental research participants represent pre-representations of people and specific cultures, often study volunteers, participants are usually aware that they are taking part in a psychological experiment and can therefore change their behavior without knowing it, even those characteristics. who demands it. It is not always possible to conduct an experiment to affect the results of a study, as it would be either inconvenient or unethical 9 .

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This is carried out in a special environment where the variables can be carefully controlled. Participants are usually aware that they are taking part in an experiment, although they do not know the actual/objective goals of the study, which provides a degree of control over variables and is widely used in laboratory psychology where some of the best technical tools can be used. And measurements can be made accurately 10

Just because a study is conducted in a laboratory does not necessarily mean an experiment. Observational studies can also be done in the laboratory

Reproducibility of modern measurement procedures and recording equipment Weaknesses in control variables Loss of validity Risk of demanding characteristics – where participants interpret the purpose of the experiment and subconsciously alter their behavior to fit the interpretation. ETHICAL ISSUES CONSENT TO FRAUDULENT USE OF ANIMALS 12

13 Field Experiments Field experiments are experimental investigations carried out in the natural environment of the investigated objects. Field experiments are used in situations where it is considered important to have a natural environment for research, for example, which still involves a deliberate laboratory experiment. The number of variables by the curve researcher, but participants are less likely to know they are in an experiment. 13

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Ecological validity for reduction in demanding characteristics Weaknesses Establishment of controls Generalizability to other situations Use of technical tools Costs Ethical issues Consent Confidentiality Use of animals 14

Observation technique – where you observe people and record their behavior and information about them. Self-report – This is where people tell you about themselves, either through an interview or by filling out some kind of questionnaire.

16 Non-Experimental Correlation Analysis – where two pieces of data are combined in addition to being analyzed to see if there is a relationship between them. Content Analysis – Analysis of language, specific words, or specific actions in selected media (books, TV, magazines, Internet).

17 In a naturalistic nonexperimental experiment, the researcher uses naturally occurring independent differences in variables (IV). Researcher not directly controlled IV. The approach is therefore best described as quasi-experimental or naturalistic, although some purists also consider it a non-experimental or observational study. 17

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18 Natural Experiment An independent variable is not manipulated by the experiment but varies or occurs naturally in the environment. This could for example be a TV introduction to a remote community. In this case, the experimenter measures the effect (change in behavior) of various characteristics depending on the nature of the independent variable (TV exposure).

Signal demand Lack of need Direct intervention Loss of control Likelihood of desired behavior when demonstrated Ethical issues Security Partner consent Confidentiality 19

In observational research, behavior is observed and recorded and usually there is no intentional manipulation of variables. The role of naturalistic or laboratory-based researcher, e.g. Use of participatory (involved) or non-involved (non-involved) quantitative frameworks, e.g. Use of coding systems to record patterns of behavior 21

The observations made can be either structured or unstructured. Constructed observation involves the use of predefined behavior categories and systematic sample tables. Observations are informal when the observer remembers everything that happens. An observer may use a diary as a way of observing or perhaps recording events, feelings, or events.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Observation Method

Value as a preliminary research tool High predictive validity Weak control Replication Replication bias Bias only Measurement Behavior Loss Coding systems Ethical issues Generalizability of detection Privileged and consensual use of detection 23

Self-report techniques enable participants to voluntarily provide information about specific issues relevant to them. Gives quick insight into people’s thoughts, ideas, attitudes, past experiences and specific situations 24

Types of questions Closed questions – limit the respondent to predetermined respondent quantitative data Open-ended general questions – allow respondents to answer any qualitative data they wish to generate Good practice: ask partial for timely information for “don’t know” where appropriate Allow questions to be kept to a minimum, use short, “avoid emotionally charged questions”

Simplicity Speed ​​and cost Fewer influence issues between individual variables with query words, e.g. Key questions Material questions Response rate Research performance and bias Ethical issues Confidentiality Consent Risk of harm Debriefing and support 26

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An interview is a face-to-face meeting in which one person asks another a predetermined series of questions. Interviews can be: Structured – Informal interviews (i.e. informal interviews) Semi-structured interviews: predetermined questions and usually quantitative types of data Informal informational interviews: only one or two predetermined questions A semi-structured interview Preliminary questions Less strictly with: use a mixture of . From: Prepare Questions with Additional Questions as Task 27″

Flexibility in handling sensitive topics Disadvantages of different interview types Time and burden on data interpretation Limitations of responsible parties Influence of interpersonal variables Demand characteristics Cost of training Ethical issues Privacy/loss of privacy and protection of consent from debriefing) 28

29 Case Studies A case study usually involves an in-depth study of a case, which may be a single, small group, incident, or isolated process. Case studies often involve the use of interviews with individuals and their families, friends, medical professionals, etc. Ethical Issues The same level of intrusion as those involved in interview and observational research 29

Rich and interesting data High validity Challenging existing theory Effective method because it only takes one case study to disprove a theory Weaknesses Too many case studies Low reliability of research Results can be subjective Large amount of data to choose from Small variations because samples Can’t be generative. .

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31 Content Analysis Content analysis is a research tool used to indirectly observe the presence of specific words, images or ideas in media (eg tablets, books, films etc.). For example, content analysis can be used to study gender stereotyping. Researchers analyze the quantity (i.e. count) and occurrence, meaning and association of words and concepts, and make inferences about messages in media, author(s) audience, as well as culture and time. These are some of them.

Detailed and easily analyzed content about a specific aspect of the company. We are in power. Results should be replicated and verified

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